NikiIndustrial naCubucuruziEnergyStorage naCommonBusnessMimpumuro nziza

I. Ububiko bw'ingufu n'ubucuruzi

"Ububiko bw’inganda n’ubucuruzi" bivuga uburyo bwo kubika ingufu zikoreshwa mu nganda cyangwa mu bucuruzi.

Urebye kubakoresha-nyuma, kubika ingufu birashobora gushyirwa mubice-by-imbaraga, grid-side, hamwe nububiko bw-abakoresha. Kubika ingufu-kuruhande na gride-kuruhande bizwi kandi kubika ingufu za metero mbere cyangwa kubika byinshi, mugihe ububiko bwabakoresha kuruhande bwitwa ububiko bwa metero nyuma ya metero. Kubika ingufu-kuruhande birashobora kugabanywa mububiko bwinganda nubucuruzi no kubika ingufu murugo. Muri rusange, kubika ingufu mu nganda n’ubucuruzi biri munsi yububiko bwingufu zabakoresha, bigaburira inganda cyangwa ubucuruzi. Ububiko bw’inganda n’ubucuruzi busanga porogaramu ahantu hatandukanye, harimo parike y’inganda, ibigo by’ubucuruzi, ibigo by’amakuru, sitasiyo y’itumanaho, inyubako z’ubuyobozi, ibitaro, amashuri, n’inyubako zo guturamo.

Urebye muburyo bwa tekiniki, imyubakire ya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zinganda nubucuruzi zishobora gushyirwa mubwoko bubiri: sisitemu ya DC hamwe na sisitemu ya AC. Sisitemu yo guhuza DC isanzwe ikoresha sisitemu yo kubika ifoto yububiko, igizwe nibice bitandukanye nka sisitemu yo kubyaza ingufu amashanyarazi (cyane cyane igizwe na moderi yerekana amashanyarazi hamwe nubugenzuzi), sisitemu yo kubitsa ingufu (cyane cyane ibipaki ya batiri, guhinduranya ibyerekezo (“PCS”), bateri sisitemu yo kuyobora (“BMS”), kugera ku guhuza ingufu z'amashanyarazi no kubika), sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu (“EMS sisitemu”), n'ibindi.

Ihame ryibanze ryibikorwa bikubiyemo kwishyiriraho mu buryo butaziguye paki ya batiri hamwe nimbaraga za DC zakozwe na moderi ya Photovoltaque binyuze mumashanyarazi. Byongeye kandi, ingufu za AC ziva muri gride zirashobora guhindurwa imbaraga za DC binyuze muri PCS kugirango yishyure paki ya batiri. Iyo hari amashanyarazi akenewe mumitwaro, bateri irekura amashanyarazi, hamwe no gukusanya ingufu ziri kumpera ya batiri. Ku rundi ruhande, sisitemu yo guhuza AC igizwe nibice byinshi, harimo sisitemu yo kubyara amashanyarazi (cyane cyane igizwe na moderi ya fotokoltaque hamwe na enterineti ihujwe na enterineti), sisitemu yo kubika ingufu (cyane cyane ipaki ya batiri, PCS, BMS, nibindi), EMS sisitemu, n'ibindi.

Ihame shingiro ryimikorere ririmo guhindura ingufu za DC zakozwe na moderi ya fotovoltaque mumashanyarazi ya AC binyuze mumashanyarazi ihuza imiyoboro, ishobora gutangwa muburyo butaziguye kuri gride cyangwa imizigo yamashanyarazi. Ubundi, irashobora guhindurwa imbaraga za DC binyuze muri PCS hanyuma ikishyuzwa paki ya batiri. Kuri iki cyiciro, ingingo yo gukusanya ingufu iri kumpera ya AC. Sisitemu yo guhuza DC izwiho gukoresha neza no guhinduka, ikwiranye na ssenariyo aho abakoresha bakoresha amashanyarazi make kumanywa nijoro. Kurundi ruhande, sisitemu yo guhuza AC irangwa nigiciro cyinshi kandi cyoroshye, nibyiza kubisabwa aho sisitemu yo kubyara amashanyarazi ya fotora yamaze kuba cyangwa aho abakoresha bakoresha amashanyarazi menshi kumanywa na nijoro.

Muri rusange, imyubakire ya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu n’inganda n’ubucuruzi irashobora gukora yigenga uhereye kuri gride nini kandi ikora microgrid yo kubyara amashanyarazi no kubika batiri.

II. Impinga ya Arbitrage

Ubukemurampaka bwo mu kibaya ni uburyo bukoreshwa cyane mu kwinjiza ingufu mu nganda n’ubucuruzi, bikubiyemo kwishyuza amashanyarazi ku giciro gito cy’amashanyarazi no gusohora ku giciro kinini cy’amashanyarazi.

Dufashe Ubushinwa nk'urugero, inganda n’inganda n’ubucuruzi ubusanzwe bishyira mu bikorwa politiki yo kugena igihe-cyo gukoresha amashanyarazi na politiki y’ibiciro by’amashanyarazi. Urugero, mu karere ka Shanghai, komisiyo ishinzwe iterambere n’ivugurura rya Shanghai yatanze itangazo ryo kurushaho kunoza uburyo bwo gukoresha ibiciro by’amashanyarazi mu mujyi (Komisiyo ishinzwe iterambere n’ivugurura rya Shanghai [2022] No 50). Dukurikije itangazo:

Mu bikorwa rusange by’inganda n’ubucuruzi, kimwe n’ibindi bice bibiri n’inganda nini zikoresha amashanyarazi ibice bibiri, igihe cyo hejuru ni kuva 19h00 kugeza 21h00 mu itumba (Mutarama na Ukuboza) no kuva 12h00 kugeza 14: 00 mu cyi (Nyakanga na Kanama).

Mugihe cyibihe byimpeshyi (Nyakanga, Kanama, Nzeri) nimbeho (Mutarama, Ukuboza), ibiciro byamashanyarazi bizamuka 80% ukurikije igiciro cyiza. Ibinyuranye, mugihe gito, ibiciro byamashanyarazi bizagabanuka 60% ukurikije igiciro cyiza. Byongeye kandi, mugihe cyimpera, ibiciro byamashanyarazi biziyongera 25% ukurikije igiciro cyo hejuru.

Muyandi mezi mugihe cyibihe, ibiciro byamashanyarazi biziyongera 60% ukurikije igiciro cyiza, mugihe mugihe gito, ibiciro bizagabanukaho 50% ukurikije igiciro cyiza.

Kubikorwa rusange byinganda, ubucuruzi, nubundi buryo bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi sisitemu imwe gusa, amasaha yimpinga nayibaya gusa aratandukanijwe nta yandi masaha agabanijwe. Mu gihe cy’impeshyi mu cyi (Nyakanga, Kanama, Nzeri) n’itumba (Mutarama, Ukuboza), ibiciro by’amashanyarazi bizamuka 20% hashingiwe ku giciro cyiza, mu gihe mu gihe gito, ibiciro bizagabanukaho 45% hashingiwe ku giciro cyiza. Muyandi mezi mugihe cyamasaha yumunsi, ibiciro byamashanyarazi biziyongera 17% ukurikije igiciro kiboneye, mugihe mugihe gito, ibiciro bizagabanukaho 45% ukurikije igiciro cyiza.

Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu zinganda nubucuruzi ikoresha iyi miterere yibiciro mugura amashanyarazi ahendutse mugihe cyamasaha yumunsi kandi ikayatanga mumuzigo mugihe cyamashanyarazi cyangwa igiciro cyinshi. Iyi myitozo ifasha kugabanya amafaranga yakoreshejwe mumashanyarazi.

III. Guhindura Ingufu

"Ingufu zigihe cyo guhindura" zirimo guhindura igihe cyo gukoresha amashanyarazi binyuze mububiko bwingufu kugirango ibintu bishoboke kandi byuzuze ibihe bikenewe. Iyo ukoresheje ibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi nka selile yifotora, kudahuza hagati yumurongo wibisekuru hamwe nu murongo wo gukoresha imizigo bishobora gutera ibihe aho abakoresha kugurisha amashanyarazi arenze kuri gride kubiciro biri hasi cyangwa kugura amashanyarazi kuri gride kubiciro biri hejuru.

Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, abakoresha barashobora kwishyuza bateri mugihe cyo gukoresha amashanyarazi make no gusohora amashanyarazi yabitswe mugihe cyo gukoresha cyane. Izi ngamba zigamije kongera inyungu mu bukungu no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Byongeye kandi, kuzigama umuyaga mwinshi nizuba bituruka kumasoko ashobora gukoreshwa nyuma mugihe gikenewe cyane nabyo bifatwa nkigikorwa cyo guhindura igihe.

Ingufu zigihe ntizisabwa cyane kubijyanye no kwishyuza no gusohora ingengabihe, kandi ibipimo byimbaraga zibi bikorwa biroroshye guhinduka, bigatuma biba igisubizo cyinshi hamwe numurongo mwinshi wo gusaba.

IV.Uburyo busanzwe bwubucuruzi bwo kubika ingufu zinganda nubucuruzi

1.IngingoInvolved

Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, intandaro yo kubika ingufu mu nganda n’ubucuruzi zishingiye ku gukoresha ibikoresho bibika ingufu na serivisi, no kubona inyungu zo kubika ingufu binyuze mu bukemurampaka bwo mu kibaya n’ubundi buryo. Kandi hafi yuruhererekane, abitabiriye amahugurwa barimo abatanga ibikoresho, abatanga serivise zingufu, ibirori byo gukodesha, hamwe n’umukoresha:

2.BisanzweBusnessMimpumuro nziza

Kugeza ubu, hari uburyo bune busanzwe bwubucuruzi bwo kubika ingufu n’inganda n’ubucuruzi, aribwo buryo bw’umukoresha w’ishoramari, icyitegererezo cy’ubukode bwuzuye, icyitegererezo cy’imicungire y’amasezerano, n '“amasezerano yo gucunga ingufu z’amasezerano + gukodesha inkunga” icyitegererezo. Twabivuze muri make ibi bikurikira:

(1)Use Igushora imari

Munsi yumukoresha wenyine gushora imari, uyikoresha aragura kandi agashyiraho sisitemu yo kubika ingufu wenyine kugirango yishimire inyungu zo kubika ingufu, cyane cyane binyuze mubukemurampaka bwikibaya. Muri ubu buryo, nubwo uyikoresha ashobora kugabanya mu buryo butaziguye kogosha no kuzuza ikibaya, no kugabanya ibiciro byamashanyarazi, baracyakeneye kwishyura ikiguzi cyambere cyishoramari nigikorwa cya buri munsi nogukoresha. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubucuruzi ni ubu bukurikira:

(2) ByeraL.koroshya

Muburyo bwiza bwo gukodesha, uyikoresha ntabwo akeneye kugura ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu wenyine. Bakeneye gusa gukodesha ibikoresho bibika ingufu kubatanga ibikoresho no kwishyura amafaranga akwiranye. Utanga ibikoresho atanga serivise yubwubatsi, imikorere no gufata neza uyikoresha, kandi amafaranga yo kubika ingufu avuye muribi yishimira uyakoresha. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubucuruzi ni ubu bukurikira:

(3) Gucunga Amasezerano

Muburyo bwo gucunga ingufu zamasezerano, serivise itanga ingufu ishora mukugura ibikoresho bibika ingufu kandi ikabiha abakoresha muburyo bwa serivisi zingufu. Utanga serivisi zitanga ingufu hamwe n’umukoresha basangira inyungu zo kubika ingufu muburyo bwumvikanyweho (harimo kugabana inyungu, kugabanya ibiciro by’amashanyarazi, nibindi), ni ukuvuga, gukoresha sisitemu yo kubika ingufu kugirango ubike ingufu zamashanyarazi mugihe cyikibaya cyangwa igiciro cy’amashanyarazi gisanzwe ibihe, hanyuma ugatanga ingufu kumutwaro wumukoresha mugihe cyibiciro byamashanyarazi. Umukoresha hamwe na serivise itanga ingufu noneho bagabana inyungu zo kubika ingufu muburyo bwumvikanyweho. Ugereranije n’umukoresha wenyine gushora imari, iyi moderi itangiza serivise zitanga ingufu zitanga serivisi zijyanye no kubika ingufu. Abatanga serivise zingufu bafite uruhare rwabashoramari muburyo bwo gucunga ingufu zamasezerano, kuburyo bugabanya umuvuduko wishoramari kubakoresha. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubucuruzi ni ubu bukurikira:

(4) Amasezerano yo gucunga ingufu + Gukodesha Amafaranga

Icyitegererezo cya "Amasezerano yo gucunga ingufu zamasezerano + Gukodesha imari" bivuga ishyirwaho ryishyaka ryubukode bwimari nkumukode wibikoresho bibika ingufu na / cyangwa serivisi zingufu muburyo bwo gucunga ingufu zamasezerano. Ugereranije n’icyitegererezo cyo gucunga ingufu z’amasezerano, ishyirwaho ry’impande zikodesha inkunga yo kugura ibikoresho bibika ingufu bigabanya cyane igitutu cy’amafaranga ku batanga serivisi z’ingufu, bityo bikabafasha kurushaho kwibanda kuri serivisi zishinzwe gucunga ingufu z’amasezerano.

Icyitegererezo cya "Amasezerano yo gucunga ingufu + Gukodesha Amafaranga" biragoye kandi bifite moderi nyinshi. Kurugero, icyitegererezo kimwe gisanzwe nuko serivise itanga ingufu ibona ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu kubitanga ibikoresho mbere, hanyuma abashinzwe gukodesha imari bagahitamo kandi bakagura ibikoresho bibika ingufu bakurikije amasezerano bagiranye numukoresha, kandi bigakodesha ibikoresho bibika ingufu kuri umukoresha.

Mugihe cyubukode, nyirubwite yububiko bwingufu ni iy'umushinga ukodesha, kandi uyikoresha afite uburenganzira bwo kuzikoresha. Nyuma yigihe cyubukode kirangiye, uyikoresha arashobora kubona uburenganzira bwibikoresho byo kubika ingufu. Serivise itanga ingufu ahanini itanga ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu zubaka, gukora no kubungabunga serivisi kubakoresha, kandi irashobora kwitabwaho muburyo butangwa nishyaka rikodesha kugurisha ibikoresho no gukora. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubucuruzi ni ubu bukurikira:

Bitandukanye nicyitegererezo cyambere cyimbuto, mubundi buryo bwimbuto, ishyaka ryo gukodesha imari rishora muburyo butanga serivise zitanga ingufu, kuruta uyikoresha. By'umwihariko, abaterankunga bakodesha bahitamo kandi bagura ibikoresho bibika ingufu mubitanga ibikoresho hakurikijwe amasezerano yagiranye n’umushinga utanga ingufu, kandi bikodesha ibikoresho bibika ingufu kubatanga serivisi zingufu.

Isosiyete itanga ingufu irashobora gukoresha ibikoresho bibika ingufu kugirango itange serivisi zingufu kubakoresha, igabanye inyungu zo kubika ingufu hamwe n’abakoresha ku kigero cyumvikanyweho, hanyuma ikishyura igice cyo gukodesha inkunga hamwe n’inyungu. Igihe cy'ubukode kirangiye, utanga serivisi z'ingufu abona uburenganzira bwo kubika ingufu. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubucuruzi ni ubu bukurikira:

V. Amasezerano rusange yubucuruzi

Muburyo bwaganiriweho, protocole yibanze yubucuruzi nibindi bifitanye isano byerekanwe kuburyo bukurikira:

1.Amasezerano y’ibanze y’ubufatanye:

Inzego zirashobora kugirana amasezerano yubufatanye kugirango hashyizweho urwego rwubufatanye. Kurugero, muburyo bwo gucunga ingufu zamasezerano, serivise zitanga ingufu zirashobora gusinyana amasezerano nkaya mutanga ibikoresho, agaragaza inshingano nko kubaka no gukoresha sisitemu yo kubika ingufu.

2.Amasezerano yo gucunga ingufu kuri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu:

Aya masezerano mubisanzwe akoreshwa muburyo bwo gucunga ingufu zamasezerano nuburyo bwo "gucunga ingufu zamasezerano + gukodesha inkunga". Harimo gutanga serivise zo gucunga ingufu zitangwa na serivise zitanga ingufu kubakoresha, hamwe ninyungu zijyanye nabakoresha. Inshingano zirimo kwishura kubakoresha nubufatanye bwiterambere ryumushinga, mugihe serivise itanga ingufu ikora igishushanyo, ubwubatsi, nigikorwa.

3.Amasezerano yo kugurisha ibikoresho:

Usibye uburyo bwiza bwo gukodesha, amasezerano yo kugurisha ibikoresho arakenewe muburyo bwose bwo kubika ingufu z'ubucuruzi. Kurugero, mubakoresha uburyo bwo gushora imari, amasezerano akorwa nabatanga ibikoresho byo kugura no gushiraho ibikoresho bibika ingufu. Ubwishingizi bufite ireme, kubahiriza ibipimo, na serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha ni ibintu byingenzi.

4.Amasezerano ya serivisi tekinike:

Aya masezerano asanzwe asinywa nabatanga ibikoresho kugirango batange serivisi tekinike nko gushushanya sisitemu, kwishyiriraho, gukora, no kubungabunga. Ibisabwa bya serivisi bisobanutse no kubahiriza ibipimo ni ibintu byingenzi bigomba gukemurwa mu masezerano ya serivisi ya tekiniki.

5.Amasezerano yo gukodesha ibikoresho:

Mubihe aho abatanga ibikoresho bagumana nyirubwite bubika ingufu, amasezerano yo gukodesha ibikoresho asinywa hagati yabakoresha nabatanga. Aya masezerano agaragaza inshingano zabakoresha mukubungabunga no kwemeza imikorere isanzwe yibikoresho.

6.Amafaranga yo gukodesha amasezerano:

Mu buryo bwa "Amasezerano yo gucunga ingufu + Gukodesha imari", amasezerano yo gukodesha imari asanzwe ashyirwaho hagati yabakoresha cyangwa abatanga serivise zingufu n’impande zikodesha imari. Aya masezerano agenga kugura no gutanga ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu, uburenganzira bwa nyirubwite mugihe na nyuma yigihe cyubukode, hamwe nibitekerezo byo guhitamo ibikoresho bibika ingufu kubakoresha urugo cyangwa abatanga serivise zingufu.

VI. Icyitonderwa kidasanzwe kubatanga serivisi zingufu

Abatanga serivise zingufu bafite uruhare runini murwego rwo kugera ku bubiko bw’inganda n’ubucuruzi no kubona inyungu zo kubika ingufu. Kubatanga serivise zingufu, hari urukurikirane rwibibazo bikeneye kwitabwaho cyane mububiko bwinganda ninganda zubucuruzi, nko gutegura umushinga, gutera inkunga imishinga, kugura ibikoresho no kuyishyiraho. Dutondekanya muri make ibi bibazo kuburyo bukurikira: