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IIsitoreji Samandla Sezimboni Nezentengiselwano

“Ukugcinwa kwamandla kwezimboni nezentengiselwano” kubhekisela ezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla ezisetshenziswa ezindaweni zezimboni noma zezentengiselwano.

Ngokombono wabasebenzisi bokugcina, isitoreji samandla singahlukaniswa sibe yisitoreji samandla ohlangothini lwamandla, uhlangothi lwegridi, kanye nohlangothi lomsebenzisi. Isitoreji samandla ohlangothini lwamandla kanye nohlangothi lwegridi saziwa nangokuthi isitoreji samandla sangaphambi kwemitha noma isitoreji esikhulu, kuyilapho isitoreji samandla ohlangothini lomsebenzisi sibizwa ngokuthi isitoreji samandla sangemva kwemitha. Isitoreji samandla ohlangothini lomsebenzisi singahlukaniswa kabanzi sibe isitoreji samandla sezimboni nezentengiselwano kanye nesitoreji samandla sasekhaya. Empeleni, isitoreji samandla sezimboni nezentengiselwano siwela ngaphansi kwesitoreji samandla ohlangothini lomsebenzisi, esihlinzeka ngezindawo zezimboni noma zentengiselwano. Isitoreji samandla sezimboni nezentengiselwano sithola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezindaweni ezahlukene, kufaka phakathi amapaki ezimboni, izikhungo zezentengiselwano, izikhungo zedatha, iziteshi zokuxhumana, izakhiwo zokuphatha, izibhedlela, izikole, kanye nezakhiwo zokuhlala.

Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, ukwakheka kwezinhlelo zokugcina amandla zezimboni nezentengiselwano kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ze-DC kanye nezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ze-AC. Izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa i-DC zivame ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ze-photovoltaic ezihlanganisiwe, eziqukethe izingxenye ezahlukahlukene njengezinhlelo zokukhiqiza amandla ze-photovoltaic (ikakhulukazi ezihlanganisa amamojula we-photovoltaic kanye nabalawuli), izinhlelo zokukhiqiza amandla okugcina amandla (ikakhulukazi ezihlanganisa amaphakethe ebhethri, abaguquli be-bidirectional ("PCS"), izinhlelo zokuphatha amabhethri ("BMS"), ukufeza ukuhlanganiswa kokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kanye nokugcina), izinhlelo zokuphatha amandla ("izinhlelo ze-EMS"), njll.

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokusebenza sihilela ukushaja ngqo amaphakethe ebhethri ngamandla e-DC akhiqizwa amamojula e-photovoltaic ngokusebenzisa abalawuli be-photovoltaic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla e-AC avela kugridi angaguqulwa abe amandla e-DC nge-PCS ukuze ashaje iphakethe lebhethri. Uma kunesidingo sikagesi esivela emthwalweni, ibhethri likhipha amandla, kanti indawo yokuqoqa amandla isemaphethelweni ebhethri. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlelo zokuxhumanisa i-AC zakha izingxenye eziningana, kufaka phakathi izinhlelo zokukhiqiza amandla e-photovoltaic (ikakhulukazi ezihlanganisa amamojula e-photovoltaic kanye nama-inverter axhunywe kugridi), izinhlelo zokukhiqiza amandla okugcina amandla (ikakhulukazi ezihlanganisa amaphakethe ebhethri, i-PCS, i-BMS, njll.), uhlelo lwe-EMS, njll.

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokusebenza sihilela ukuguqula amandla e-DC akhiqizwa amamojula e-photovoltaic abe amandla e-AC ngokusebenzisa ama-inverters axhunywe kugridi, anganikezwa ngqo kugridi noma emithwalweni kagesi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, angaguqulwa abe amandla e-DC nge-PCS bese eshajwa ebhethrini. Kulesi sigaba, indawo yokuqoqa amandla isemaphethelweni e-AC. Izinhlelo zokuxhuma ze-DC zaziwa ngokusebenza kahle kwazo kwezindleko kanye nokuguquguquka, zifanele izimo lapho abasebenzisi besebenzisa ugesi omncane emini kanye nogesi omningi ebusuku. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlelo zokuxhuma ze-AC zibonakala ngezindleko eziphakeme kanye nokuguquguquka, zilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho izinhlelo zokukhiqiza ugesi ze-photovoltaic sezivele zikhona noma lapho abasebenzisi besebenzisa ugesi omningi emini kanye nogesi omncane ebusuku.

Ngokuvamile, ukwakheka kwezinhlelo zokugcina amandla zezimboni nezentengiselwano kungasebenza ngokuzimela kusuka kugridi yamandla eyinhloko futhi kwakha igridi encane yokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic kanye nesitoreji sebhethri.

II. I-Peak Valley Arbitrage

I-arbitrage ye-Peak Valley iyimodeli yemali engenayo esetshenziswa kakhulu yokugcina amandla ezimbonini nakwezentengiselwano, ehilela ukushaja kusuka kugridi ngamanani aphansi kagesi nokukhipha imali ngamanani aphezulu kagesi.

Uma sithatha iShayina njengesibonelo, imikhakha yayo yezimboni neyezentengiselwano ivame ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zamanani kagesi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kanye nezinqubomgomo zamanani kagesi eziphezulu. Isibonelo, esifundeni saseShanghai, iKhomishini Yokuthuthukiswa Nokuguqulwa kweShanghai ikhiphe isaziso sokuthuthukisa indlela yokubeka amanani kagesi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa edolobheni (iKhomishini Yokuthuthukiswa Nokuguqulwa kweShanghai [2022] No. 50). Ngokusho kwesaziso:

Ngezinhloso ezijwayelekile zezimboni nezentengiselwano, kanye nezinye izingxenye ezimbili nezinkulu zokusetshenziswa kukagesi kwezimboni ezimbili, isikhathi esiphezulu sisukela ngo-19:00 kuya ku-21:00 ebusika (Januwari noDisemba) kanye kusukela ngo-12:00 kuya ku-14:00 ehlobo (Julayi no-Agasti).

Ngesikhathi sezikhathi ezimatasa ehlobo (Julayi, Agasti, Septhemba) kanye nasebusika (Januwari, Disemba), amanani kagesi azokhuphuka ngo-80% ngokuya ngentengo eqondile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngezikhathi eziphansi, amanani kagesi azokwehla ngo-60% ngokuya ngentengo eqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezikhathi ezimatasa, amanani kagesi azokhuphuka ngo-25% ngokuya ngentengo eqondile.

Kwezinye izinyanga ngezikhathi ezimatasa, amanani kagesi azokwenyuka ngo-60% ngokuya ngentengo eqondile, kanti ngezikhathi eziphansi, amanani azokwenyuka ngo-50% ngokuya ngentengo eqondile.

Ngokusetshenziswa kukagesi okuvamile kwezimboni, ezentengiselwano, kanye nokunye kohlelo olulodwa, amahora aphezulu kanye nama-valley kuphela ahlukaniswa ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa okwengeziwe kwamahora aphezulu. Ngesikhathi sezikhathi eziphakeme ehlobo (Julayi, Agasti, Septhemba) kanye nasebusika (Januwari, Disemba), amanani kagesi azokhuphuka ngo-20% ngokusekelwe entengo eqondile, kanti ngezikhathi eziphansi, amanani azokwehla ngo-45% ngokusekelwe entengo eqondile. Kwezinye izinyanga ngesikhathi samahora aphezulu, amanani kagesi azokhuphuka ngo-17% ngokusekelwe entengo eqondile, kanti ngezikhathi eziphansi, amanani azokwehla ngo-45% ngokusekelwe entengo eqondile.

Izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ezimboni nezentengiselwano zisebenzisa lesi sakhiwo samanani ngokuthenga ugesi onentengo ephansi ngesikhathi esingekho ngesikhathi esimatasa bese ziwunikeza umthwalo ngezikhathi zikagesi ezimatasa noma ezinentengo ephezulu. Lo mkhuba usiza ekunciphiseni izindleko zikagesi zebhizinisi.

IIIUshintsho Lwesikhathi Samandla

"Ukushintsha kwesikhathi samandla" kuhilela ukulungisa isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kukagesi ngokusebenzisa isitoreji samandla ukuze kulungiswe izidingo eziphakeme futhi kugcwaliswe izikhathi eziphansi zesidingo. Uma usebenzisa imishini yokukhiqiza ugesi njengamaseli e-photovoltaic, ukungafani phakathi kwejika lokukhiqiza kanye nejika lokusetshenziswa komthwalo kungaholela ezimweni lapho abasebenzisi bathengisa ugesi owengeziwe kugridi ngamanani aphansi noma bathenge ugesi kugridi ngamanani aphezulu.

Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu, abasebenzisi bangashaja ibhethri ngezikhathi zokusetshenziswa kukagesi okuphansi futhi bakhiphe ugesi ogciniwe ngezikhathi zokusetshenziswa okuphezulu. Leli cebo lihlose ukukhulisa izinzuzo zomnotho nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yezinkampani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukonga amandla omoya amaningi kanye namandla elanga avela emithonjeni evuselelekayo ukuze asetshenziswe kamuva ngezikhathi zokusetshenziswa okuphezulu nakho kubhekwa njengomkhuba wokushintsha kwesikhathi samandla.

Ukushintsha kwesikhathi samandla akunazo izidingo eziqinile mayelana nokushaja nokukhipha amashejuli, futhi amapharamitha wamandla alezi zinqubo aguquguquka kancane, okwenza kube yisisombululo esiguquguqukayo esinokusetshenziswa okuvama kakhulu.

IV.Amamodeli ebhizinisi avamile okugcina amandla ezimbonini nakwezentengiselwano

1.IsihlokoIokuhilelekile

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, umongo wokugcina amandla ezimbonini nakwezentengiselwano usekusebenziseni izikhungo nezinsizakalo zokugcina amandla, kanye nokuthola izinzuzo zokugcina amandla ngokusebenzisa i-peak valley arbitrage nezinye izindlela. Futhi kulolu chungechunge, abahlanganyeli abayinhloko bahlanganisa umhlinzeki wemishini, umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla, iqembu lokuxhasa ngezimali ukuqashisa, kanye nomsebenzisi:

2.OkuvamileBubungcwetiMama-odel

Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezine zebhizinisi ezivamile zokugcina amandla ezimbonini nakwezentengiselwano, okuyimodeli "yokuzitshalela imali yomsebenzisi", imodeli "yokuqasha okumsulwa", imodeli "yokuphathwa kwamandla enkontileka", kanye nemodeli "yokuphathwa kwamandla enkontileka + yokuqasha ngezimali". Sikufingqe lokhu kanje:

(1)Use Iukutshalwa kwezimali

Ngaphansi kwemodeli yokuzitshalela imali yomsebenzisi, umsebenzisi uthenga futhi afake izinhlelo zokugcina amandla eyedwa ukuze ajabulele izinzuzo zokugcina amandla, ikakhulukazi nge-arbitrage ye-peak valley. Kule modi, yize umsebenzisi enganciphisa ngqo ukushefa okuphezulu kanye nokugcwalisa isigodi, futhi anciphise izindleko zikagesi, kusadingeka athwale izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali zokuqala kanye nezindleko zokusebenza nokulungisa zansuku zonke. Umdwebo wemodeli yebhizinisi umi kanje:

(2) OkumsulwaLukululaza

Kwindlela yokuqasha emsulwa, umsebenzisi akudingeki athenge izindawo zokugcina amandla eyedwa. Kudingeka aqashe izindawo zokugcina amandla kumhlinzeki wemishini kuphela futhi akhokhe imali ehambisanayo. Umhlinzeki wemishini unikeza umsebenzisi izinsizakalo zokwakha, zokusebenza kanye nokulungisa, futhi imali engenayo yokugcina amandla etholakala kulokhu ijatshulelwa ngumsebenzisi. Umdwebo wemodeli yebhizinisi umi kanje:

(3) Ukuphathwa Kwamandla Enkontileka

Ngaphansi kwemodeli yokuphathwa kwamandla yenkontileka, umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla utshala imali ekuthengeni izindawo zokugcina amandla futhi azinikeze abasebenzisi ngendlela yezinsizakalo zamandla. Umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla kanye nomsebenzisi babelana ngezinzuzo zokugcina amandla ngendlela evunyelwene ngayo (kufaka phakathi ukwabelana ngenzuzo, izaphulelo zamanani kagesi, njll.), okungukuthi, ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwesiteshi samandla sokugcina amandla ukugcina amandla kagesi ngesikhathi sezikhathi zentengo kagesi ezivamile noma ezivamile, bese behlinzeka ngamandla kumthwalo womsebenzisi ngesikhathi sezikhathi zentengo kagesi ephezulu. Umsebenzisi kanye nomhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla babe sebebelana ngezinzuzo zokugcina amandla ngesilinganiso esivunyelwene ngaso. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemodeli yokuzitshalela imali yomsebenzisi, le modeli yethula abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zamandla abahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokugcina amandla ezifanayo. Abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zamandla badlala indima yabatshalizimali kumodeli yokuphathwa kwamandla yenkontileka, okunciphisa ingcindezi yokutshalwa kwezimali kubasebenzisi ngezinga elithile. Umdwebo wemodeli yebhizinisi umi kanje:

(4) Ukuphathwa Kwamandla Enkontileka+Ukuxhaswa Ngezimali Ukuqasha

Imodeli ethi “Ukuphathwa Kwamandla Enkontileka+Ukuqashisa Ngezezimali” ibhekisela ekwethulweni kweqembu lokuqasha ngezezimali njengomqashi wezindawo zokugcina amandla kanye/noma izinsizakalo zamandla ngaphansi kwemodeli Yokuphathwa Kwamandla Enkontileka. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemodeli yokuphathwa kwamandla enkontileka, ukwethulwa kwezinhlangano zokuqasha ngezimali ukuze zithenge izindawo zokugcina amandla kunciphisa kakhulu ingcindezi yezezimali kubahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zamandla, ngaleyo ndlela kubenze bakwazi ukugxila kangcono ezinsizakalweni zokuphathwa kwamandla enkontileka.

Imodeli ethi “Ukuphathwa Kwamandla Enkontileka+Ukuqashisa Ngezezimali” iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi inamamodeli amaningi amancane. Isibonelo, imodeli eyodwa evamile ukuthi umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla uthola izindawo zokugcina amandla kumhlinzeki wemishini kuqala, bese iqembu eliqashisa ngezezimali likhetha futhi lithenge izindawo zokugcina amandla ngokwesivumelwano salo nomsebenzisi, bese liqashisa izindawo zokugcina amandla kumsebenzisi.

Ngesikhathi sokuqasha, ubunikazi bezindawo zokugcina amandla bungobeqembu eliqashisa ngezimali, futhi umsebenzisi unelungelo lokuzisebenzisa. Ngemva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokuqasha, umsebenzisi angathola ubunikazi bezindawo zokugcina amandla. Umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla uhlinzeka kakhulu ngezinsizakalo zokwakha, ukusebenza kanye nokulungisa izindawo zokugcina amandla kubasebenzisi, futhi angathola ukucatshangelwa okuhambisanayo eqenjini eliqashisa ngezimali ngokuthengisa nokusebenza kwemishini. Umdwebo wemodeli yebhizinisi umi kanje:

Ngokungafani nemodeli yembewu yangaphambilini, kwenye imodeli yembewu, iqembu eliqashisa ngezezimali litshala imali ngqo kumhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla, hhayi kumsebenzisi. Ngokukhethekile, iqembu eliqashisa ngezimali likhetha futhi lithenge izindawo zokugcina amandla kumhlinzeki wemishini ngokwesivumelwano salo nomhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla, futhi liqashisa izindawo zokugcina amandla kumhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla.

Umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla angasebenzisa izikhungo zokugcina amandla ezinjalo ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zamandla kubasebenzisi, abelane ngezinzuzo zokugcina amandla nabasebenzisi ngesilinganiso esivunyelwene ngaso, bese ekhokhela iqembu eliqashisa ngemali ngengxenye yezinzuzo. Ngemva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokuqashisa, umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla uthola ubunikazi besikhungo sokugcina amandla. Umdwebo wemodeli yebhizinisi umi kanje:

V. Izivumelwano Zebhizinisi Ezivamile

Kumodeli okuxoxwe ngayo, izinqubo zebhizinisi eziyinhloko kanye nezici ezihlobene nazo zichazwe kanje:

1.Isivumelwano Sohlaka Lokubambisana:

Izinhlangano zingangena esivumelwaneni sohlaka lokubambisana ukuze kusungulwe uhlaka lokubambisana. Isibonelo, kumodeli yokuphathwa kwamandla yenkontileka, umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla angasayina isivumelwano esinjalo nomhlinzeki wemishini, echaza imithwalo yemfanelo efana nokwakhiwa nokusebenza kohlelo lokugcina amandla.

2.Isivumelwano Sokuphathwa Kwamandla Sezinhlelo Zokugcina Amandla:

Lesi sivumelwano sivame ukusebenza kumodeli yokuphathwa kwamandla enkontileka kanye nemodeli "yokuphathwa kwamandla enkontileka + yokuqashisa ngezimali". Sihilela ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zokuphathwa kwamandla ngumhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla kumsebenzisi, kanye nezinzuzo ezifanayo ezitholwa kumsebenzisi. Imithwalo yemfanelo ihlanganisa izinkokhelo ezivela kubambiswano lomsebenzisi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi, kuyilapho umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla ephatha ukuklama, ukwakha, kanye nokusebenza.

3.Isivumelwano Sokuthengisa Imishini:

Ngaphandle kwemodeli yokuqashisa emsulwa, izivumelwano zokuthengisa imishini zibalulekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokugcina amandla ezentengiselwano. Isibonelo, kumodeli yokuzitshalela imali yomsebenzisi, kwenziwa izivumelwano nabaphakeli bemishini zokuthenga nokufaka izindawo zokugcina amandla. Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi, ukuhambisana nezindinganiso, kanye nensizakalo yangemva kokuthengisa kuyizinto ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele.

4.Isivumelwano Sesevisi Yobuchwepheshe:

Lesi sivumelwano sivame ukusayinwa nomhlinzeki wemishini ukuze alethe izinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe ezifana nokuklama uhlelo, ukufakwa, ukusebenza, kanye nokugcinwa kwalo. Izidingo zesevisi ezicacile kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso yizici ezibalulekile okufanele zibhekwe ezivumelwaneni zesevisi zobuchwepheshe.

5.Isivumelwano Sokuqasha Imishini:

Ezimweni lapho abahlinzeki bemishini begcina khona ubunikazi bezindawo zokugcina ugesi, izivumelwano zokuqasha imishini ziyasayinwa phakathi kwabasebenzisi nabahlinzeki. Lezi zivumelwano zichaza imithwalo yemfanelo yabasebenzisi yokugcina nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwezindawo.

6.Isivumelwano Sokuqashisa Ngezimali:

Kumodeli ethi “Ukuphathwa Kwamandla Enkontileka + Ukuqashisa Ngezezimali”, isivumelwano sokuqashisa ngezezimali sivame ukumiswa phakathi kwabasebenzisi noma abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zamandla kanye namaqembu okuqashisa ngezezimali. Lesi sivumelwano silawula ukuthengwa nokuhlinzekwa kwezindawo zokugcina amandla, amalungelo obunikazi ngesikhathi sokuqasha nangemva kwesikhathi sokuqasha, kanye nokucatshangelwa kokukhetha izindawo zokugcina amandla ezifanele abasebenzisi basekhaya noma abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zamandla.

VI. Izinyathelo ezikhethekile zabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zamandla

Abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zamandla badlala indima ebalulekile ochungechungeni lokufeza ukugcinwa kwamandla kwezimboni nezentengiselwano kanye nokuthola izinzuzo zokugcinwa kwamandla. Kwabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zamandla, kunezinkinga eziningi ezidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ngaphansi kokugcinwa kwamandla kwezimboni nezentengiselwano, njengokulungiselela iphrojekthi, ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwephrojekthi, ukuthengwa kwezikhungo kanye nokufakwa. Sibala kafushane lezi zinkinga kanje: