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I. Isitoreji Samandla Wezimboni Nezohwebo

“Indawo yokugcina amandla ezimbonini nezohwebo” isho izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ezisetshenziswa ezikhungweni zezimboni noma ezohwebo.

Ngokombono wabasebenzisi bokugcina, ukugcinwa kwamandla kungahlukaniswa kuhlangothi lwamandla, uhlangothi lwegridi, kanye nesitoreji samandla sohlangothi lomsebenzisi. Isitoreji samandla ohlangothini lwamandla kanye ne-grid-side kwaziwa nangokuthi isitoreji samandla sangaphambi kwemitha noma isitoreji senqwaba, kuyilapho ukugcinwa kwamandla ohlangothini lomsebenzisi kubizwa ngokuthi isitoreji samandla sangemuva kwemitha. Isitoreji samandla esiseceleni komsebenzisi singabuye sihlukaniswe sibe indawo yokugcina amandla ezimbonini nezokuthengisa kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla kwasendlini. Empeleni, ukugcinwa kwamandla ezimbonini nezokuhweba kungena ngaphansi kwesitoreji samandla sohlangothi lwabasebenzisi, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsiza zezimboni noma ezentengiso. Isitoreji samandla embonini nesokuthengisa sithola izinhlelo zokusebenza kuzilungiselelo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amapaki ezimboni, izikhungo zentengiso, izikhungo zedatha, iziteshi eziyisisekelo zokuxhumana, izakhiwo zokuphatha, izibhedlela, izikole, nezakhiwo zokuhlala.

Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, ukwakheka kwezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ezimbonini nezohwebo zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: amasistimu ahlanganiswe ne-DC kanye namasistimu ahlanganiswe ne-AC. Amasistimu wokuhlanganisa i-DC ngokuvamile asebenzisa amasistimu okugcina ama-photovoltaic ahlanganisiwe, ahlanganisa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ezifana nezinhlelo zokuphehla amandla e-photovoltaic (ikakhulukazi ezihlanganisa amamojula e-photovoltaic nezilawuli), amasistimu okugcina amandla okugcina amandla (ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa amaphakethe ebhethri, iziguquli ze-bidirectional (“PCS”), ibhethri izinhlelo zokuphatha ("BMS"), ukufeza ukuhlanganiswa kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi we-photovoltaic nokugcinwa), izinhlelo zokuphatha amandla ("izinhlelo ze-EMS"), njll.

Umgomo oyisisekelo wokusebenza ubandakanya ukushajwa okuqondile kwamaphakethe ebhethri ngamandla e-DC akhiqizwe amamojula e-photovoltaic ngezilawuli ze-photovoltaic. Ukwengeza, amandla e-AC asuka kugridi angaguqulelwa amandla e-DC nge-PCS ukuze ashaje iphakethe lebhethri. Uma kunesidingo sikagesi ekulayishweni, ibhethri likhipha lamanje, indawo yokuqoqa amandla isekupheleni kwebhethri. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasistimu wokuhlanganisa i-AC ahlanganisa izingxenye eziningana, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zokuphehla amandla e-photovoltaic (ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa amamojula e-photovoltaic nama-inverter axhunywe kugridi), izinhlelo zokugcina amandla okugcina amandla (ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa amaphakethe ebhethri, i-PCS, i-BMS, njll.), i-EMS uhlelo, njll.

Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokusebenza sihlanganisa ukuguqula amandla e-DC akhiqizwe amamojula e-photovoltaic abe amandla e-AC ngokusebenzisa ama-inverter axhunywe kugridi, anganikezwa ngokuqondile kugridi noma imithwalo kagesi. Kungenjalo, ingaguqulelwa amandla e-DC nge-PCS futhi ishajelwe kuphakethe lebhethri. Kulesi sigaba, indawo yokuqoqa amandla isekupheleni kwe-AC. Amasistimu okuhlanganisa e-DC aziwa ngokusebenza kahle kwezindleko nokuvumelana nezimo, afanele izimo lapho abasebenzisi besebenzisa khona ugesi omncane emini nangaphezulu ebusuku. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa i-AC zibonakala ngezindleko eziphakeme kanye nokuguquguquka, ezilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho izinhlelo zokuphehla amandla e-photovoltaic sezivele zikhona noma lapho abasebenzisi bedla khona ugesi owengeziwe emini futhi kancane ebusuku.

Ngokuvamile, ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokugcina amandla ezimbonini nezentengiso zingasebenza ngokuzimela kusuka kugridi yamandla amakhulu futhi zenze i-microgrid yokukhiqiza amandla e-photovoltaic kanye nokugcinwa kwebhethri.

II. I-Peak Valley Arbitrage

I-Peak valley arbitrage iyimodeli yemali engenayo esetshenziswa kakhulu yokugcina amandla ezimbonini nezohwebo, okubandakanya ukushaja okuvela kugridi ngamanani aphansi kagesi kanye nokushajwa ngamanani aphezulu kagesi.

Uma sithatha i-China njengesibonelo, imikhakha yayo yezimboni neyezentengiselwano ivamise ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zentengo kagesi ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa kanye nezinqubomgomo zenani eliphakeme lentengo kagesi. Isibonelo, esifundeni sase-Shanghai, Ikhomishana Yokuthuthukiswa Nezinguquko yase-Shanghai ikhiphe isaziso sokuqhubeka nokuthuthukisa indlela yokubiza amanani kagesi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwedolobha (Ikhomishana Yokuthuthukiswa Nezinguquko yase-Shanghai [2022] No. 50). Ngokwesaziso:

Ngezinjongo ezijwayelekile zezimboni nezentengiso, kanye nokunye ukusetshenziswa kukagesi okuyizingxenye ezimbili nezinkulu zezimboni, isikhathi esiphezulu sisuka ku-19:00 kuya ku-21:00 ebusika (Januwari noDisemba) futhi sisuka ngo-12:00 siye ku-14: 00 ehlobo (Julayi no-August).

Ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu ehlobo (uJulayi, Agasti, Septhemba) nasebusika (ngoJanuwari, Disemba), amanani kagesi azokhuphuka ngo-80% ngokusekelwe enani eliphansi. Ngokuphambene, ngezikhathi eziphansi, amanani kagesi azokwehla ngo-60% ngokusekelwe enani eliphansi. Ukwengeza, ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu, amanani kagesi azokwenyuka ngo-25% ngokusekelwe enanini eliphakeme.

Kwezinye izinyanga ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu, amanani kagesi azokwenyuka ngo-60% ngokusekelwe enanini eliphansi, kanti ngezikhathi eziphansi, amanani azokwehla ngo-50% ngokusekelwe enanini eliphansi.

Ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi okuvamile kwezimboni, ezentengiselwano, nokunye kwesistimu eyodwa, amahora aphakeme kuphela nawesigodi ahlukaniswa ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa okwengeziwe kwamahora aphakeme. Ezikhathini eziphakeme kakhulu ehlobo (Julayi, Agasti, Septhemba) nasebusika (ngoJanuwari, Disemba), amanani kagesi azokhuphuka ngo-20% ngokusekelwe enani eliphansi, kuyilapho ngezikhathi eziphansi, amanani azokwehla ngo-45% ngokusekelwe enani eliphansi. Kwezinye izinyanga ngesikhathi samahora aphakeme kakhulu, amanani kagesi azokwenyuka ngo-17% ngokusekelwe enanini eliphansi, kanti ngezikhathi eziphansi, amanani azokwehla ngo-45% ngokusekelwe enanini eliphansi.

Amasistimu okugcina amandla ezimboni kanye nezohwebo asebenzisa lesi sakhiwo samanani ngokuthenga ugesi onenani eliphansi ngesikhathi samahora okungasebenzi kakhulu futhi awunikeze umthwalo ngezikhathi zikagesi eziphakeme noma amanani aphezulu. Lo mkhuba usiza ukunciphisa izindleko zikagesi zebhizinisi.

III. I-Energy Time Shift

"Ukushintsha isikhathi samandla" kuhlanganisa ukulungisa isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kukagesi ngokugcina amandla ukuze kulungiswe izimfuno eziphezulu futhi kugcwalise izikhathi ezidingeka kancane. Uma kusetshenziswa okokuphehla amandla njengamaseli e-photovoltaic, ukungafani phakathi kwejika lokuphehla kanye nejika lokusetshenziswa komthwalo kungaholela ezimweni lapho abasebenzisi bangase bathengise ugesi oweqile kugridi ngamanani aphansi noma bathenge ugesi kugridi ngamanani aphezulu.

Ukubhekana nalokhu, abasebenzisi bangashaja ibhethri ngezikhathi zokusetshenziswa kukagesi okuphansi futhi bakhiphe ugesi ogciniwe ngezikhathi zokusetshenziswa kakhulu. Lelisu lihlose ukukhulisa izinzuzo zezomnotho kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yezinkampani. Ukwengeza, ukonga amandla amaningi omoya namandla elanga emithonjeni evuselelekayo ukuze isetshenziswe kamuva phakathi nezikhathi zokufunwa okuphezulu nakho kuthathwa njengomkhuba wokushintsha isikhathi samandla.

Ukushintsha isikhathi samandla akunazo izimfuneko eziqinile mayelana nokushaja nokukhipha amashejuli, futhi imingcele yamandla yalezi zinqubo iyaguquguquka ngokuqhathaniswa, okuyenza ibe yisixazululo esiguquguqukayo esinemvamisa ephezulu yokusetshenziswa.

IV.Amamodeli ebhizinisi ajwayelekile okugcina amandla ezimbonini nezohwebo

1.IsihlokoIukubandakanyeka

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, umnyombo wokugcina amandla ezimbonini nezohwebo usekusebenziseni izindawo zokugcina amandla kanye nezinsizakalo, kanye nokuthola izinzuzo zokugcina amandla ngokusebenzisa i-peak valley arbitrage nezinye izindlela. Futhi kulolu chungechunge, ababambiqhaza abakhulu bahlanganisa umhlinzeki wezinto zokusebenza, umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla, iqembu eliqashisa ngezimali, kanye nomsebenzisi:

2.OkuvamileBumsebenziMama-odel

Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezine zebhizinisi ezijwayelekile zokugcina amandla ezimbonini nezohwebo, okuyimodeli “yokutshalwa kwezimali komsebenzisi”, imodeli “yokuqasha okuhlanzekile”, imodeli “yokuphatha amandla enkontileka” kanye “nokuphathwa kwamandla enkontileka+nokuqasha ngezimali” imodeli. Sikufingqa lokhu kanje:

(1)Use Iinvestment

Ngaphansi kwemodeli yokutshalwa kwezimali komsebenzisi, umsebenzisi uthenga futhi afake amasistimu okugcina amandla ngokwawo ukuze ajabulele izinzuzo zesitoreji samandla, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa i-peak valley arbitrage. Kule modi, nakuba umsebenzisi anganciphisa ngokuqondile ukushefa okuphezulu nokugcwaliswa kwesigodi, futhi anciphise izindleko zikagesi, kusadingeka athwale izindleko zokuqala zokutshala izimali kanye nezindleko zokusebenza kwansuku zonke nezokulungisa. Umdwebo wemodeli yebhizinisi imi kanje:

(2) OkumsulwaLukunciphisa

Kumodi ehlanzekile yokuqashisa, umsebenzisi akadingi ukuthenga izindawo zokugcina amandla eyedwa. Badinga kuphela ukuqasha izindawo zokugcina amandla kumhlinzeki wezinto zokusebenza futhi bakhokhe izimali ezihambisanayo. Umhlinzeki wezinto zokusebenza uhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokwakha, zokusebenza nezokulungisa kumsebenzisi, futhi imali yokugcina amandla ekhiqizwa kulokhu ithokozelwa ngumsebenzisi. Umdwebo wemodeli yebhizinisi imi kanje:

(3) Ukuphathwa kwamandla enkontileka

Ngaphansi kwemodeli yokuphatha amandla enkontileka, umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla utshala imali ekuthengeni izindawo zokugcina amandla futhi azinikeze abasebenzisi ngendlela yezinsizakalo zamandla. Umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla kanye nomsebenzisi babelana ngezinzuzo zokugcinwa kwamandla ngendlela okuvunyelwene ngayo (okuhlanganisa ukwabelana ngenzuzo, izaphulelo zentengo kagesi, njll.), okungukuthi, ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwesiteshi samandla sokugcina amandla ukugcina amandla kagesi ngesikhathi sesigodi noma intengo kagesi evamile. izikhathi, bese ihlinzeka amandla emthwalweni womsebenzisi phakathi nezikhathi zamanani aphezulu kagesi. Umsebenzisi kanye nomhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla babe sebehlanganyela izinzuzo zokugcina amandla ngengxenye okuvunyelwene ngayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemodeli yokutshalwa kwezimali yomsebenzisi, le modeli yethula abahlinzeki besevisi yamandla abahlinzeka ngamasevisi ahambisanayo okugcina amandla. Abahlinzeki besevisi yamandla badlala indima yabatshalizimali kumodeli yokulawulwa kwamandla enkontileka, okuthi ngokwezinga elithile inciphise ingcindezi yokutshala imali kubasebenzisi. Umdwebo wemodeli yebhizinisi imi kanje:

(4) Ukuphathwa Kwamandla Enkontileka+Ukuqashisa Ngezimali

Imodeli "Yokuphathwa Kwamandla Enkontileka+Ukuqashisa Ngezimali" ibhekisela ekwethulweni kwenhlangano eqashisa ngezimali njengomqashisi wezindawo zokugcina amandla kanye/noma izinsiza zamandla ngaphansi kwemodeli Yokuphathwa Kwenkontileka Yenkontileka. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemodeli yokuphathwa kwamandla enkontileka, ukwethulwa kwezinkampani eziqashisayo ngezimali zokuthenga izindawo zokugcina amandla kunciphisa kakhulu ingcindezi yezezimali kubahlinzeki benkonzo yamandla, ngaleyo ndlela kubenze bakwazi ukugxila kangcono ezinkontilekeni zokulawulwa kwamandla.

Imodeli ye-“Contract Energy Management+Financial Leasing” iyinkimbinkimbi futhi inamamodeli amancane amaningi. Isibonelo, enye imodeli encane evamile ukuthi umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla uthola izindawo zokugcina amandla kumhlinzeki wezinto zokusebenza kuqala, bese inkampani eqashisa ngezezimali ikhetha futhi ithenge izindawo zokugcina amandla ngokwesivumelwano sabo nomsebenzisi, bese iqashisa izindawo zokugcina amandla ukuze umsebenzisi.

Ngesikhathi sokuqashisa, ubunikazi bezindawo zokugcina amandla bungokwenkampani eqashisa ngezimali, futhi umsebenzisi unelungelo lokuzisebenzisa. Ngemva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokuqashisa, umsebenzisi angathola ubunikazi bezindawo zokugcina amandla. Umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla ikakhulukazi uhlinzeka ngokwakhiwa kwesikhungo sokugcina amandla, ukusebenza kanye nezinsizakalo zokunakekela kubasebenzisi, futhi angathola ukucatshangelwa okuhambisanayo neqembu eliqashisa ngezimali ngokuthengiswa nokusebenza kwezisetshenziswa. Umdwebo wemodeli yebhizinisi imi kanje:

Ngokungafani nemodeli yembewu yangaphambilini, kwenye imodeli yembewu, inkampani eqashisa ngezezimali itshala ngokuqondile kumnikezeli wesevisi yamandla, esikhundleni somsebenzisi. Ngokukhethekile, inkampani eqashisa ngezimali ikhetha futhi ithenge izindawo zokugcina amandla kumhlinzeki wezisetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano sayo nomhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla, futhi iqashise izindawo zokugcina amandla kubahlinzeki besevisi yamandla.

Umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla angasebenzisa lezi zindawo zokugcina amandla ukuze anikeze izinsiza zamandla kubasebenzisi, abelane ngezinzuzo zokugcinwa kwamandla nabasebenzisi ngengxenye okuvunyelwene ngayo, bese ebuyisela inhlangano eqashisa ngezimali ingxenye yezinzuzo. Ngemuva kokuthi isikhathi sokuqashisa sesiphelile, umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla uthola ubunikazi besikhungo sokugcina amandla. Umdwebo wemodeli yebhizinisi imi kanje:

V. Izivumelwano Zebhizinisi Ezivamile

Kumodeli okuxoxiwe ngakho, amaphrothokholi ebhizinisi ayisisekelo kanye nezici ezihambisanayo zivezwe ngale ndlela elandelayo:

1.Isivumelwano Sohlaka Lokubambisana:

Amabhizinisi angase angene esivumelwaneni sohlaka lokubambisana ukuze asungule uhlaka lokubambisana. Isibonelo, kumodeli yokuphathwa kwamandla enkontileka, umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla angasayina isivumelwano esinjalo nomhlinzeki wezisetshenziswa, echaza izibopho ezifana nokwakhiwa nokusebenza kwesistimu yokugcina amandla.

2.Isivumelwano Sokuphatha Amandla Sezinhlelo Zokugcina Amandla:

Lesi sivumelwano ngokuvamile sisebenza kumodeli yokuphathwa kwamandla enkontileka kanye nemodeli "yokuphathwa kwamandla enkontileka + nokuqashisa ngezimali". Kubandakanya ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zokuphatha amandla ngumhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla kumsebenzisi, nezinzuzo ezihambisanayo ezitholwa umsebenzisi. Izibopho zihlanganisa izinkokhelo ezivela kumsebenzisi kanye nokubambisana kokuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi, kuyilapho umhlinzeki wesevisi yamandla ephethe umklamo, ukwakhiwa, nokusebenza.

3.Isivumelwano Sokuthengisa Izisetshenziswa:

Ngaphandle kwemodeli yokuqashisa emsulwa, izivumelwano zokuthengisa izisetshenziswa zibalulekile kuwo wonke amamodeli okugcina amandla ezentengiso. Isibonelo, kumodeli yokutshalwa kwezimali komsebenzisi, kwenziwa izivumelwano nabahlinzeki bemishini ukuze kuthengwe futhi kufakwe izindawo zokugcina amandla. Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi, ukuhambisana nezindinganiso, kanye nesevisi yangemuva kokuthengisa kuyizinto ezibalulekile.

4.Isivumelwano Sesevisi Yezobuchwepheshe:

Lesi sivumelwano ngokuvamile sisayinwa nomhlinzeki wezinto zokusebenza ukuze alethe izinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe ezifana nokuklama kwesistimu, ukufakwa, ukusebenza, nokunakekelwa. Izidingo ezicacile zesevisi nokuhambisana nezindinganiso kuyizici ezibalulekile okufanele zibhekwe ezivumelwaneni zesevisi yezobuchwepheshe.

5.Isivumelwano Sokuqashisa Izisetshenziswa:

Ezimeni lapho abahlinzeki bemishini begcina ubunikazi bezindawo zokugcina amandla, izivumelwano zokuqashisa izisetshenziswa ziyasayinwa phakathi kwabasebenzisi nabahlinzeki. Lezi zivumelwano ziveza izibopho zabasebenzisi zokugcina nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuvamile kwezinsiza.

6.Isivumelwano Sokuqasha Ngezimali:

Kumodeli "Yokuphatha Amandla Enkontileka + Ukuqashisa Ngezimali", isivumelwano sokuqashisa sezezimali sivamise ukusungulwa phakathi kwabasebenzisi noma abahlinzeki besevisi yamandla nezinkampani eziqashisa ngezezimali. Lesi sivumelwano silawula ukuthengwa nokuhlinzekwa kwezindawo zokugcina amandla, amalungelo obunikazi phakathi nesikhathi sokuqashisa, kanye nokucatshangelwa kokukhetha izinsiza ezifanele zokugcina amandla zabasebenzisi basekhaya noma abahlinzeki besevisi yamandla.

VI. Izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuqapha abahlinzeki besevisi yamandla

Abahlinzeki besevisi yamandla badlala indima ebalulekile ochungechungeni lokuzuza ukugcinwa kwamandla ezimbonini nezohwebo kanye nokuthola izinzuzo zokugcinwa kwamandla. Kubahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zamandla, kunochungechunge lwezindaba ezidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile ngaphansi kokugcinwa kwamandla ezimbonini nezohwebo, njengokulungiselela iphrojekthi, ukuxhasa ngezimali iphrojekthi, ukuthengwa kwezinsiza kanye nokufakwa. Sibala lezi zinkinga kafushane kanje: